Text Sushi by Alf Rehn

Archive for the 'Notes' Category

On Reflexivity

Reading Michael Lynch’s old article on reflexivity I am once again moved to comment on the dreadful tendency among academics to position their methods as virtues and their epistemologies as the moral high ground. Having participated more than once (more then a hundred times) in debates where differences in methodology have been cast as a major issue of purity and righteousness in the world, one now comes to any debate on epistemology with a certain sense of dread. I may simply be due to the fact that academics see their chosen methods as necessary parts of their professional identity, and that any attack on this constitutes a questioning of their right to be seen as equals. Or it may be a question of people investing everything they believe into their techniques for legitimizing behavior, making methodology a playground for psychoanalysis. In either case, we have to stop seeing issues of epistemology, method and reflexivity as pure categories, and more as analytics of human nature.

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On Alain Badiou

Attached, a short essay on Alain Badiou I published in Svenska Dagbladet today (in Swedish).

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Mises

At times, I have odd hobbies. One of these is reading stuff from the more extreme end of economics, such as the wonderfully entertaining goings on at The Mises Institute. Some people might get either scared or bored by what goes on here, but I’m always intrigued. Take this little tidbit, from a review presented as a “thrill” and as written by someone “brilliant and courageous”.

Mr. Keynes obviously arrives at this view by an artificial separation
of the function of the entrepreneurs as owners of capital and their
function as entrepreneurs in the narrow sense. But these two functions
cannot be absolutely separated even in theory, because the essential
function of the entrepreneurs, that of assuming risks, necessarily
implies the ownership of capital.

Uh, what? Not only entrepreneurship, but the very act of assuming risks “necessarily implies the ownership of capital”? What an odd notion. The problem not only with Mises, but with the horde of entrepreneurship researchers that more or less consciously follow his lead, is that they create statements such as this, and then when pressed backtrack and claim that the phrase “entrepreneur” and “capital” should include any possible form of human phenomena one wishes, all in order to save their precious formulations. For instance, it is obvious that our imaginary friend Frank, who prostitutes himself in an area where male (gay) prostitution has not existed heretofore (such as a small town in the Appalachians) , is engaging in a form of entrepreneurship — potentially a very lucrative such. He also assumes a lot of risks, including social ostracism and the threat of violence, but can be handsomely rewarded for this. But does this imply “ownership of capital”? Well, obviously one could call his body “capital” or his social standing “capital” or whatever else “capital”, if one wanted to stretch the meaning of the concept to the point of absolute and total nullity. But let us for a moment assume that his perky little ass cannot be called “capital” in any sensible use of the word. This necessarily implies that he can well be assuming risks and engaging in entrepreneurship without owning capital, which would also necessarily imply that Mises was basically just making shit up as he went along.

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On clumsiness

Despite our desire for another state of affairs, and despite our attempts to see ourselves as suave and elegant creatures, our lives are spent in constant clumsiness. We all pitch in, muddling our way through a awkward world, and we all look about in amazement at the sheer ineptness of it all. We do not so much sometimes lapse into being clumsy than constantly try to be less clumsy than we are, and try our darndest to escape our inevitable awkwardness. We stutter, stumble, stub our toes, spill our coffee, dance badly, miss the beat, and belatedly realize that what we took to be a droll witticism was seen as oafishly offensive. In other words, it is not so much a case of clumsiness being something we occasionally slip into, with calm and poise being the natural state of affairs, than the case of gracefulness and aplomb being radical breaks with this natural state. Not only are you and I clumsy, all our friends are too, and their friends, as well as this whole damnable creation we call the world.

Despite this, there is very little in the way of a theory of clumsiness, not to mention the lack of a philosophy of gracelessness. This might go to show that inquiries into the human condition still cling on to the hope that this state could be seen as a state of grace, with man standing proud on the very apex of creation. Still, the human animal is a peculiarly awkward and ungainly one, with little of the physical elegance of e.g. a large animal. One could argue that any theory of human behavior is, always already, a theory of clumsiness – it is just a roundabout one, created in order to salvage at least a little grace.

Stating this might sound like the cynical lashing out of a disgruntled teen, prepared to take vengeance on a world s/he doesn’t feel attuned to, but my interest in clumsiness should not be interpreted as cynicism. I do not find humanity less worthy just because I think clumsiness is omnipresent. On the contrary, I feel that the ungainliness of man is an interesting and intellectually stimulating fact, and that it might be our powers of approximate behavior rather than our faculties for exact rationality that define us. Therefore I believe a theory of clumsiness is needed. I shall return to this.

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On productivity

Just a quick peek into the blogosphere will tell you that a lot of folks are thinking about productivity these days. Popular blogs like Lifehacker and 43 Folders have made productivity into something of a daily obsession, and David Allen’s curiously popular Getting Things Done-program is touted not so much as a model but as a philosophy and a lifestyle. And although it is obvious that part of this obsession with a less cluttered life springs from the fact that life is increasingly seen as hectic and pressured, one cannot but be bemused how the pursuit of productiveness has gone from actually doing things to meta-productivity.

The industry of productivity – models, methods and all – is booming. New calendars, new Filofaxes, new systems are flooding the market, and we even have meta-meta-productivity, as in the case of blogs about ways to enhance ones life. In part this is a security blanket for the modern professional, a form of allowed escapism (”I’ll get my life together once I’ve managed to convert everything into this new and streamlined model of getting even more things done.”), but in part it seems to be a symptom of the impossibility of productivity in an age of interminable meetings, flying across the globe for one hour of meetings and signing a document, and rampant email. Digital and social grey goo is everywhere, and blogging wont solve it. Yeah, I’m cynical today (too).

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The neverending business idea

Leafing through FastCompany, I was once again struck by the similarities between business ideas and zombies. As one is. I’m supposed to give a talk on zombies and organizing the living dead at Manchester Business School in December – I’ll be giving a keynote on luxury and project management a few days earlier at the same school, so my reputation for ..ahem, idiosyncratic interests should be reinforced – so zombies are on my mind. But my observation today was less esoteric. Quite simply, it seems to be a fact of life that certain business ideas simply cannot die, regardless of how many failures litter the field.

An example: Offices away from the office, i.e. “office love hotels”. The kind of place where the weary business traveler can set up a makeshift office, where there are phonelines, good internet connections, coffee and a comfortable table-chair combo, maybe even a conference room. Preferably set up in the teeming business district, such “hour-lease” offices are thought of as havens for the salary-man away from the home office, who’ll gladly for over some money to use a decent work environment for a short while. There are a number of these setups going, even in Stockholm. Still, I do not believe in this idea.

I’ve seen this suggested for the last fifteen years, yet no-one seems able to turn this into a successful business. Why? And why do people keep trying? The former question is easier to answer. With mobile technologies, setting up an office takes, well, nothing. Supplying phone lines, faxes and internet connections is basically like bragging you can supply electricity and water – so can a bar, or a hotel room, or the office you’re having a meeting at. The business of supplying infrastructure has changed radically, and I’m sure there is a business to be made in it, but this is not one. Offering a nice table and a good chair is a little more attractive, but then pricing comes in. How much will I pay to sit comfortably for an hour? If we’re talking flying to the US, I will pay for business class, yes (or not go, my back can’t survive 12 hours in coach), but not when I fly to Copenhagen. A desk simply isn’t that big a deal. Leaves coffee (duh) and the conference-room. Now, I’m not saying that access to a nice set-up for a meeting isn’t worth paying for, for it is. But then we have to take costs into account. For this to be worth something, it has to be very, very conveniently placed. It can’t be more than two blocks away, as it is then easier just to do stuff at the coffee-shop, and these hour-lease offices are through the law of averages always too far away. Ergo, I do not think they can ever really work.

But why do people keep trying? Why does this zombie always return? Well, as most business ideas that wont die, it just sounds too good. It is simple, communicable, seems to fill a “need”, and can be easily visualized. It seems like it should work, and no amount of empirical evidence will dissuade an entrepreneur that has bought into an idea. Ergo, the return of the living dead business idea. I’m beginning to think that this zombie-idea might have some milage in it.

Listening to Sweet and Lovely (Take 2) from the album “Monk Alone (Disc 1)” by Thelonious Monk

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A little ditty I found

I often forget that I’ve written stuff, so I was slightly cheered to find the following little note on caffeine and organization.

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Kring jingeln (a note in Swedish)

Jingeln är antingen den slutgiltiga konstformen, en uppvisning i den post-industriella estetikens intima sammansmältning med konsumtion som identitetsskapande projekt, eller ett bevis på att kulturen i vår sen-moderna värld gått ner sig i trivialitetens tragiska träsk. Som kulturform representerar den onekligen en arketyp, en renodlad form av ett fenomen som både hyllats och hånats av kulturskribenter och andra förstå-sig-påare. Extremt kort, med en strävan till omedelbar igenkännings-värde snarare än estetisk originalitet, och med den direkta strävan att bli en kliché blir jingeln ett kulturanalytiskt problem. Men ett hurdant?

Vi bör egentligen särskilja mellan tre specifika former, yttringar, av jingeln: Den klassiska, det snuttifierade meddelandet och fenomenet “sonic branding”. Den klassiska jingeln, den man normalt tänker på, är en kort reklamsång av typen “Maybe she’s born with it / Maybe it’s Maybelline!”. Denna kan spåras tillbaka till utrop på marknader och den tidiga stadens gator, där en lumpsamlare eller nasare meddelade om sin närvaro med att ropa/sjunga ut sitt marknadsföringsbudskap, men fick en ny form och en tydligare plats på den kapitalistiska kulturens parnass i och med radions genomslag som marknadsföringsplattform under 1920- och 30-talet i USA. Centralt här är att musiken och meddelandet bildar en igenkännbar och sammansatt helhet, helst så att jingeln kan ses som en form av självständig komposition. Detta till skillnad från det snuttifierade meddelandet, som idag också hänvisas till som en jingel. Skillnaden här ligger i att denna typ kan bestå av en enklare musikbakgrund, ofta en snutt ur en känd pop- eller rocklåt, över vilken ett meddelande helt enkelt och ofta entusiastiskt pratas. Populär bland annat på idrottsevenemang och som promo-material på radio kunde detta ses som en förenkling och bastardisering av jingel-formen, och entusiaster anser ofta att denna form inte skall räknas som en acceptabel variant. Talar vi däremot om sonic branding blir frågan mera komplex, eftersom detta står som ett paraply-begrepp för alla former av varumärkesbyggande som utnyttjar ljud som en integrerad del. Således kan både den klassiska jingeln “Winston Tastes Good Like a Cigarette Should” och det numer varumärkesskyddade mullret från en Harley-Davidson Fatboy (där man bl.a. hänvisar till en specifik “exhaust note”) ses som exempel på just sonic branding. I det här fallet blir kanske den klassiska jingeln ett typfall av denna typ av varumärkesbyggande, där sättet som en enkel reklamsång kan sätta sig in i vårt kulturella undermedvetande blir en arketyp för hur ljud och musik kan utnyttjas för marknadsföring. För tydlighetens skull bör dock kanske endast den klassiska formen räknas som en sann jingel.

Men hur skall vi då förstå jingeln, den klassiska, som kulturform? Det enklaste sättet, och ett av de populäraste, vore att se den som en slags reductio ad absurdum, en förenklad och fördummad variant av musik komprometterad både av sin korta form och sin kommersiella natur. På samma sätt som populärmusik alltid blivit kritiserad av kultureliten – såtillvida denna inte försöker plocka poäng genom att med postmodern ironi förklara sig dyrka t.ex. schlager eller jingels – så kan man kritisera denna ärligt kommersiella musik för att inte eftersträva estetiska värden utan endast sätta sig fast i vårt lägre medvetande. Där Adorno magsurt kritiserade jazz som ett tecken på kulturens avarter kan man idag sucka över hur både det offentliga och privata rummet blivit överhopat av ett aldrig upphörande skval, där allehanda jingels, muzak och andra former av auditivt varumärkesbyggande verkar ta över helt.

Samtidigt är jingeln i allra högsta grad logisk i vårt post-industriella samhälle. I den samlas fenomen som branding, medialisering, sampling, remix-kulturen, kapitalismens kulturella uttryck, ironisk konsumtion och så vidare i en elegant form vi kan både fördöma och nynna. Jingeln står som stolt representant för mikromedia, en kulturens snabbmat som kan avnjutas på 20 sekunder och sedan glömmas bort, men också som något som kan utnyttjas på en mängd sätt – som skämt, social markör, raggningsreplik, bitande satir eller helt enkelt en skön låt. I en tid som säger sig hylla originalitet och innovation verkar jingeln med sin öppna attityd nästan folklig, åtminstone i bemärkelsen att den kan hanteras och brukas av folket snarare än eliten. Ingen kan monopolisera jingeln, eftersom den talar till den breda massan, och precis på grund av att den är kommersiell blir den, i en bemärkelse, demokratisk.

Oberoende av huruvida man gillar läget eller inte bjuder jingeln in oss alla till sin konsumtionsdans, och således också till skapandet av en socialitet. Eftersom den strävar till att “fastna”, att bli universell, så strävar inte vår kommersiella trall heller till en estetisk gränsdragning. Där både klassisk och populär musik försöker skapa unika produkter, melodier och helheter som inte kan misstas för andra, är poängen med jingeln att låta vanlig och hemvan och trygg. Man kunde således säga att vi talar om en förelöpare till den allt mer industrialiserade tendensen i populärmusik, där musiken allt mer styrs av idéer om vad som är tryggt och vad som “funkat förr”, d.v.s. vad det redan finns en social beställning eller social kontext för. Samma fenomen kan sedan hittas i en mängd andra tappningar.
Via detta kan man kanske se den ödmjuka jingeln som en symbolisk nyckel via vilken vi kan engagera oss med en mängd diskussioner i den sociala sfären. Oberoende om man ser den som en symbol för allt som är fel med vårt samhälle, eller ett intressant och positivt fenomen som visar på ett samhälle i utveckling, kan vi via jingeln föra diskussioner om vad saker som media, konsumtion, kultur och produktion betyder idag.

Exempelvis kunde man fråga sig huruvida jingeln är arketypen för en allt mer fördummad medie-värld. Eftersom den är så oblygt kommersiell och inte ens försöker vara komplex eller intellektuell verkar jingeln stå som ett praktexempel på den typ av förenklade budskap à la lägsta gemensamma nämnaren som enligt många allt mer tar över. Jingeln är i denna bemärkelse besläktad med allehanda dokusåpor och frågesporter, urtypen till industriellt producerad popmusik, och den andliga inspirationen till triviala actionfilmer där specialeffekter och plumpa skämt ersatt utvecklingen av karaktärer och stilfullt berättande. Man kan således anklaga den för mycket. Samtidigt så kan den som redan antytts ses som en mycket ärlig kulturprodukt, en sant populär populärkultur vars framgång beror helt på huruvida den lyckas fånga en Zeitgeist, huruvida den kan hålla sig vid liv bland alla andra reklambudskap. Oberoende av hur korkad man upplever den vara är det ändå så att den jingel som överlever och blir en kliché (man tänker osökt på “Always Coca-Cola”) både representerar och avspeglar den kultur den fötts i på ett sätt som få andra kulturprodukter kan. Med andra ord, även om man kan kritisera den kultur som jingeln existerar inom så kan man fråga sig om inte jingeln är exakt vad vi beställt och förtjänat.

Ser man däremot till jingeln som en föregångare till mera post-industriella fenomen som sampling, remixing och mash-ups visar den upp ett annat ansikte. Gemensamt för alla de former av kulturproduktion som utnyttjar redan producerat material och återanvänder detta – något jag hänvisat till som post-originell produktion – är att det tidigare materialet tillåts sin egen natur samtidigt som begreppet originalitet problematiseras. Man kunde säga att både jingeln och det post-originella visar på hur minnespolitik blivit en betydande aspekt i såväl kulturproduktion som konsumtion. Hur vi minns, vad vi minns, och sätten som man kan manipulera våra mimetiska upplevelser på har blivit betydande delar av kommersens mikropolitik, och när en jingel-kompositör/sonic brander exempelvis sätter ihop en sekvens som skall tala till vår upplevelse av en förlorad ungdom kan man känna en viss olust inför sättet som vårt gemensamma undermedvetna och kulturella minne kan manipuleras. När gitarriffet till “Satisfaction” framför allt blivit en legobit med vilken man kan såväl ironisera över 40-talister, lägga en Tupac-strof över eller kränga familjebilar ställs man inför frågan vad minne och ursprung längre betyder – med andra ord väcker jingeln frågan om det postmoderna, och detta på ett mera handgripligt sätt än dekonstruktiva praktiker någonsin kunde.

Man kunde också se att jingeln genom sin extremt korta form visar på den ökade betydelsen mikromedia och trunkerat tänkande/uttryck har fått i vår tid. Det sätt varpå jingeln komprimerar ett varumärke och en berättelse in i en “bite-size” förpackning har fått många efterföljare, och vi lever allt mera i en intensifierad, trunkerad tid. Där bas-enheten för media en gång var romanen, senare det 30 minuter långa TV-programmet, är det idag en YouTube-video eller ett blogg-inlägg. Vår tid är inte längre än av långa berättelser, utan en av löpsedlar och soundbites. Sålunda blir ett engagemang med jingeln också ett engagemang med vårt samhälles relation med tiden, och alldeles särskilt hastigheten. Jingel är effektiv, inte bara som marknadsföringsmekanism utan som upplevelse. Vi kunde jämföra med den ökade populariteten av trivia, samlingar av värdelöst vetande i bokform, eller med upplevelse-ekonomins på förhand förpackade produkter av autenticitet och identitetsbyggande, eller med de böcker som omedelbart dyker upp i bokhandlarna i och med den senaste skandalen. Sålunda visar oss kanske jingeln en helt ny medieform, och ett sätt att dela in kulturprodukter enligt konsumtionsmönster.
Oberoende vilket perspektiv man lägger an på det hela kvarstår ett faktum. Jingeln har en styrka, en dynamik. Den är kanske inte den mest estetiska kulturprodukten, men den fångar oss. Med sin effektivitet, med sin eleganta förpackning, med sitt grepp om sin samtid. Vi lever i jingelns tidsålder helt enkelt för att jingeln gör varje tid till sin.

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Management and evil, a fragment

There is something intellectually stimulating about the question of evil, and not just because it denotes an ethics. My dear friends professors René ten Bos and Ruud Kaulingfreks arranged a lovely conference on evil just this summer, and having talked to them both before and during the conference about evil made me realize that I probably haven’t thought about evil enough. And for someone who is occasionally accused of doing management studies, this should clearly be an area of great importance and potential.

Management, and managers, are often perceived as fundamentally tainted by the specter of evil. Even though no-one would claim that all managers are inherently bad people – the sheer amount of managers in contemporary society would make such a supposition statistically problematic – there is still exist a shared belief that management is continuously running the risk of being compromised. In a very real sense, we tend to see a kernel of evil in management, a shadow of moral failure just behind it.

Well, obviously this is not something everyone agrees on. Many of my brethren in the field of management studies would be shocked by such an assertion, as would most managers. Still, when we look at things like popular culture – an acutely sensitive device for analyzing our shared cultural psyche – it is obvious that management carries with it notions of failed humanity, insensitivity and cruelty. Whether we watch the hapless David Brent in “The Office” or creepy self-management guru and pedophile Jim Cunningham in “Donnie Darko”, there is almost always a hint of malice to any person being presented primarily as a manager in popular culture. Similarly, although the role of faceless and organized Big Evil in movies has been overtaken by terrorism, management or The Corporation still exists as a powerful symbol of incarnate if somewhat banal evil. Particularly poignant is the fact that the perennial favorite form of unorganized evil, the psychopath, is increasingly being co-branded with management – even though the iconic version obviously is Patrick Bateman, Joel Bakan’s book (and the subsequent filmatization) turns the corporation itself into a psychotic being. Stating that there is a undercurrent of evil in our general thinking of management might thus not be that much of a stretch.

The thing to consider is whether this is the result of how culture creates polarized notions, imbuing things with moral judgement, or whether this in fact might show us something more interesting. Obviously, this more interesting thing would be that management is in fact connected to evil, and the challenge would be to find out in what way. Note that I am not trying to claim that managers are evil, as I vehemently disagree with people who assume that greed and soullessness comes with the managerial territory. I’m quite assured of the fact that most managers are normal human beings, with normal human foibles and the normal capacity for human kindness. While it is undoubtedly so that there are assholes in management, this can never stand as a generalizable fact. However, one might pose the question whether management, as a cultural field, makes managers more susceptible to evil behavior, i.e. whether they might be tainted by it. This might sound slightly esoteric, as if one would argue that “management” was something akin to a demonic presence, but I would argue that this might be something far more mundane.

In any field where issues of great moral importance are routinely handled, there will exist the possibility of malfeasance as well as the necessity of handling matters “at a distance”. This is simply a structural issue, as any ongoing handling of complex matters will by necessity engender structures where distancing effects come into play. However, such distancing effects are at the same time the wellspring of much of what we’d call evil. It is at the moment we no longer are ethically connected to our world or our fellow wo/man evil enters into our life, and as management seems to require a certain kind of disconnection, it also seems to contain this “seed of evil”.

The subject of management and evil could thus be understood as the study of how normal and necessary processes in the planning, organizing, leading, co-ordinating and controlling intentional organized action contains the potential for ethical corruption. More specifically, we might say that the study of evil in management is the study of how normal processes are extremized into something beyond the social, i.e. the study of how the social and the anti-social might be analyzed not as antithetical but as intimately connected.

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